Es interesante que se acuerde de la devaluación de esta
semana. Leí durante muchos años en su blog sobre el peligro de hacer lecturas a
partir de los prejuicios ideológicos que deforman la realidad. Cada vez me
resulta más llamativo lo que escribe. Le recuerdo lo que decía el año pasado
respecto de la devaluación de 2013-2014 que en total fue del 60%. El principal
miedo, me parece, es que este gobierno haga lo que nosotros no quisimos, no
pudimos o no supimos hacer.
domingo, 19 de enero de 2014
Actualidad politica ¿de Bioy Casares o Google?
lunes, 20 de enero de 2014
Titulares del Poder 2015; Civilización o Barbarie en el
siglo XXI.
jueves, 23 de enero de 2014
Carrio avala…
martes, 28 de enero de 2014
La paja y el polvo…
Saludos.
Estimado, si solo fuera mi sesgo, que nunca
lo negué; sus criticas serian absolutamente validas.
El problema es que no solo se trata de mi percepción,
sino de un conceso atemorizado que comparten los Republicanos prudentes y los Peronistas
republicanos/ Opositores racionales; que
han tenido la oportunidad de estudiar al teórico del Capitalismo.
El estamento empresarial está llevando al
Oficialismo Nacional a un conflicto social más del siglo XIX del siglo XXI.,
Claro, a menos que a Adam Smith se lo
considere un “Comunista primitivo”.
sábado,
14 de noviembre de 2009
Sindicatos,
según Adam Smith; releyendo los clásicos.
An inquiry into the nature and causes of the wealth of nations.
An inquiry into the nature and causes of the wealth of nations: ...
CHAP. VIIL
OF THE WAGES OF LABOUR.
The produce of
labour constitutes the natural rccompence or wages of labour.
In that original state of things which precedes both the appropriation
of land and the accumulation of stock, the whole produce of labour belongs to
the labourer. He has neither landlord nor master to share with him.
Had this state continued, the wages of labour would have augmented with
all thoseimprovements in its productive powers, to which the division of labour
gives occasion. All things would gradually have become cheaper. They would have been produced by a
smaller quantity of labour ; and as the commodities produced by equal
quantities of labour would naturally in this state of things be exchanged for
one another, they would have
| the landlord demands a share of almost all the produce which the
labourer can either rai^e or collect from it. His rent makes the first
deduction from the produce of the labour which is employed upon land.
It seldom happens that the person who filb the ground has wherewithal to
maintain himself till he reaps the harvest. His maintenance is generally
advanced to him from the stock of a master, the farmer who employi him, and who
would have no interest to employ him, unless he was to share in the produce of
his labour, or unless his stock was to be replaced to him with a profit. This
profit makes a second deduction from the produce of the labour which is
employed upon land.
The produce of almost all other labour is liahh- to the like deduction
of profit. In all arts and manufactures, the greater part of the workmen stand in need
of a master, to advance them the materials of their work, and their wages and
maintenance, till it be completexi. He shares in the produce of their la
buen purchased likewise with the produce of jlour, or in the value which
it adds to the ma
a smaller quantity.
But though all things
would have become Cheaper in reality, in appearance many things might have
become dearer, than before, or have beenexchanged for a greater quantity of other goods. Let us suppose, for
example, that m the greater part of employments the productive powers of labour
had been improved to tenfold, or that a day's labour cuuld produce ten times the
quantity of work which it had done originally ; but that in a
particular employment they had been improved only to double, or that a day's labour could produce only twice
the quantity of work which it had done before. In exchanging the produce of a
day's labour in the greater part of tmployments for that of a day's labour in
this particular one, ten times the original quantity of work in them would
purchase only twice the original quantity in it. Any particular quantity in it,
therefore, a pound weight, for example, would appear to be five times dearer
than before. In reality, however, it would be twice as cheap. Though it required
five times the quantity of other goods to purchase it, it would require only
half the quantity of labour either to purchase or to produce it. The
acquisition, therefore, would be twice as easy as before.
But this original state of
things, in which
terials upon which it is bestowed ; and in this share consists Ыз profit.
It sometimes happens, indeed, that a single independent workman has stock
sufficient both to purchase the materials of his work, and to maintain himself
till it be completed. He is both master and workman, and enjoys the whole
produce of his own labour, or the whole value which it adds to the materials upon which it is
bestowed. It includes what are usually two distinct revenues, belonging to two
distinct persons, the profits of stock, and the wages of labour.
Such cases, however, are not very frequent ; and in every part of Europe
twentyworkmen serve under a master for one that is independent , and the wages of
labour areeverywhere understood to be, what they usually are, when the labourer is one
person, and the owner of the stock which employs him another.
What are the common wages of labour, depends everywhere upon the contract
usually made between those two parties, whose interests are by no means the same. The workmen desire to get as much,
the masters to give as little, as possible. The former are disposed tocombine in order to raise, the
latter in order to lower, the wages of labour.
It is not, however, difficult to foresee which of the two parties must, upon all ordinary oc
the labourer enjoyed the whole produce of bis casions, have the
advantage in the dispute, own labour, could not last beyond the first in- and
force the other into a compliance with traduction of the appropriation of land
and their terms. The masters,being fewer in num. the accumulation of stock. It was at an end, I ber,
can combine much more easily : and the therefore, long before the most considerable
law, besides, authorises, or at least does not
improvements were made in the productive powers of labour ; and it would
be to no purpose to trace further what might have been its effects uponthe rccompence or wages of
labour.
As soon as land becomes private property,.
prohibit, their combinations, while if prohibits those of the workmen. We have no acts
of parliament against combming to lower the price of work, butmany against
combining to raise it. In all such disputes, the masters can hold out much
longer. A landlord, я farmer, a master
manufacturer, or merchant, though they did not employ a single workman, could
generally live a year or two upon the stocks, which they have already acquired.
Many workmen could not subsist a week, few could subsist a month, and scarce
any a year, without employment. In the long run, the workman may be as
necessary to his master as his master is to him ; but the necessity is not to
immediate.
We
rarely hear, it has been said, of the combinations of masters, though
frequently of those of workmen. But whoever imagines, upon thisaccount, that
masters rarely combine, is as ignorant of the world as of the subject. Masters
are always and everywhere in a sort of tacit, but constantand uniform,
combination, not to raise the wages of labour above their actual rate. To
violate this combination is everywhere a most unpopular action, and a sort of
reproach to a master among his neighbours and equals. We seldom, indeed, hear
of this combination, because it is the usual, and, one may say, the natural
state of things, which nobody ever hears of. Masters, too, sometimes enter into
particular combinations to sink the wages of labour even below this rate. These
are always conducted with the utmost silence and secrecy till the moment of
execution ; and when theworkmen yield, as they sometimes do without resistance,
though severely felt by them, they are never heard of by other people. Such
combinations, however, are frequently resisted by a contrary defensive
combination of the workmen, who sometimes, too, without any provocation of this
kind,combine, of their own accord, to raise the price of their labour. Their
usual pretences are, sometimes the high price of provisions, sometimes the
great profit which their masters make by their work. But whether their
combinations be offensive or defensive, they are always abundantly heard of. In
order to bring the point to a speedy decision, they have always recourse to the
loudest clamour, and sometimes to the most shocking violence and outrage. They
are desperate, and act with the folly and extravagance of desperate men, who
must either starve, or frighten their masters into an immediate compliance with
their demands. The masters, upon these occasions, are just as clamorous upon
the other side, and never cease to call aloud for the assistance of the civil
magistrate, and the rigorous execution of those laws which have been enacted
with so much severity against thecombination of servants, labourers, and
journeymen. The workmen, accordingly, very seldom derive any advantage from the
violence of those tumultirbus combinations, which, partly from the
interposition of the civil magistrate, partly from the superior steadiness of
the masters, partly from the necessity which the greater part of the workmen
are under of submitting for the sake of present
subsistence,
generally end in nothing but the punishment or ruin of the ringleaders.
But though, in disputes
with their workmen, masters must generally have the advantage, there is, however, a certain rate,
below which it seems impossible to reduce, for any considerable time, the
ordinary wages even of the lowest species of labour.
A man must always live by his work, and his wages must at least be sufficient to main tain
him. They must even upon most occa~ sions be somewhat more, otherwise it would be impossible for
him to bring up a family,, and the race of such workmen could not last
beyond the first generation. Mr Cantillon seems, upon this account, to suppose that
the lowest species of common labourers must everywhere earn at least
double their own maintenance, in order that, one with another, they may be
enabled to bring up two children ; the labour of the wife, on account of her
necessary attendance on the children, be. ing supposed no more than sufficient
to provide for herself. But one half the children born, it is computed, die before the age of
manhood. The poorest labourers, therefore, according to this account, must, one with
another, attempt to rear at least four children, in order that two may have an
equal chance of living to that age. But the necessary maintenance of four children, it is supposed, may be nearly equal to that of one man. The labour of an
able-bodied slave, the same author adds, is computed to be worth double his
maintenance ; and that of the meanest labourer, he thinks, cannot be worth less
than that of an able-bodied slave. Thus far at least seems certain, that, in
order to bring up a family, the labour of the husband and wife together must,
even in the lowest species of common labour, be able to earn something more
than what is precisely necessary for their own maintenance ; but in what
proportion, whether in that above-mentioned, or in any other, I shall not takeupon me to determine.
There are certain circumstances, however, which sometimes give the
labourers an advantage, and enable them to raise their wages considerably above
this rate, evidently the lowest which is consistent with common humanity.
When in any country the demand for those who live by
wages, labourers, journeymen, servants of every L 'ml, is continually increas
ing ; when every year furnishes employment for a greater number than had been employed the
year before, the workmen have no occasion to combine in order to raise their wages. The scarcity of hands occasions a
competition among masters, who bid against one another in order to get workmen, and thus
voluntarily break through the natural combination of masters not to
raise wages.
The demand for those who live by wage', it is evident, cannot mcrease but in propoitinn to the increase of the funds which are destined to the payment of
wages. These funds are of two kinds, first, the revenue which is over and above
what is necessary for the maintenance ; and, secondly, the stock which is over
and above what is necessary for the employment of their masters.
When the landlord, annuitant, or monied man, has a greater
revenue than what he judges sufficient to maintain his own family, he employs
either Ihr whole or a part of the surplus in maintaining one or more menial
servants. Increase this surplus, and he will naturally increase the number ofthose servants.
When an independent workman, such as a weaver or shoemaker, has got more stock
than what is sufficient to purchase the materials of his own work, and to maintain
himself till he can dispose- of it, he naturally employs one or more journeymen
with the surplus, in order to make a profit by their work. Increase this
surplus, and he will naturally increase the number of his journeymen.
The demand for those who live by wages, therefore, necessarily increases with the increase of
the revenue and stock of every country, and cannot possibly increase without
it. The increase of revenue and stock is the increase of national wealth. The
demand forthose who live by wages, therefore, naturally increases with the increase of
national wealth, and cannot possibly increase without it,
It is not the actual greatness of national wealth, but its continual
increase, which occasions a rise in the wages of labour. It is not, accordingly,
in the richest countries, butin the most thriving, or in those which are growing rich the fastest, that the wages of labour are
highest. England is certainly, in the present times, a much richer country than
any part of North America. The wages of labour, however, are much higher in
North America than in any part of England. In the province of New York, common
labourers earn * three shillings and sixpence currency] equal to two shillings
sterling, a-day ; shipcarpenters, ten shillings and sixpence currency, with a
pint of rum, worth sixpence sterling, equal in all to six shillings and
sixpence sterling ; house-carpenters and bricklayers, eight shillings currency,
equal to four shillings and sixpence sterüng ; journeymen tailors, five
shillings currency, equal to about two shillings and tenpence sterling. These
prices are all above the London price ; and wages are said to be as high
in the other colonies as in New York. The price of provisions is everywhere in North
America much lower than in England. A dearth has neverbeen known there. In the worst
seasons they have always had a sufficiency for them
i This was written in 1774, 'wfore the commencement ni the late rii?turbanres.
money price of labour, therefore, be higher than it is anywhere in the
mother-country, its real price, the real command of the neces. saries and
conveniences of life which it cont veys to the labourer, must be higher in a
still greater proportion.
But though North America
is not yet so rich as England, it is much more thriving, and advancing with
much greater rapidity to the further acquisition of riches. The most decisive
mark of the prosperity of any country is the increase of the number of its
inhabitants. In Great Britain, and most oiher European countries, they are not
supposed to double in less than five hundred years. In the British colonies in
North America, it has beenfound that they double in twenty or five-and-twenty years. Nor in the
present times is this increase principally owing to the continual importation
of new inhabitants, but to the great multiplication of the species. Those who live to old
age, it is said, frequently see there from fifty to a Immlred, and' sometimes many more, descendente
from their own body. Labour is there so well rewarded, that a numerous family
of children, instead of being a burden, is a source of opulence and prosperity
to the parents. The labour of each child, before it can leave their house, is
computed to be worth a hundred pounds clear gain to them. A young widow with
four or five young children, who, among the middling or inferior ranks of
people in Europe, would have so little chance for a second husband, is therefrequently courted as a sort of fortune. The
value of children is the greatest of all encouragements to marriage. We cannot,
therefore, wonder that the people in North America should generally marry very
young. Notwithstanding the great increase occasioned by such early marriages,
there is a continual complaint of the scarcity of hands in North America. The
demand for labourers, the funds destined for maintaining them increase, it
seems, still faster than they can find labourers to employ.
Though the wealth of a country
should be very great, yet if it has
been long stationary,we must not expect to find the
wages of labour very high in it. The funds destined for the payment of wages,
the revenue and stock of its inhabitants, may be of the greatest extent ; but if they have
continued for several centuries of the same, or very nearly of the same extent,
the number of labourers employed every year could easily supply, and even more
than supply, the number wanted the following year. There could seldom be any
scarcity of hands, nor could the masters be obliged to bid against one another in order to get them. The hands,
on the contrary, would, in this case, naturally multiply beyond their
employment. There would be a constant scarcity of employment, and the laboure«
domingo,
24 de marzo de 2013
24/03/76,
el Enemigo Principal, según Albano Hargindeguy; siguiendo a Adam Smith.
"La unidad sindical atenta
contra los principios liminares del Proceso."
Harguindeguy, Albano. «Crónica periodística».
Clarín 20 de abril de 1979
lunes, 9 de diciembre de 2013
De Noviembre 2012 a Diciembre 2013, y la
influencia del radicalizado político Adam Smith.
Pero los que,
de acuerdo con estos dichos, piensen que los patronos raramente se unen, son
tan ignorantes de lo que pasa en el mundo como de este asunto.
Los patronos
están siempre y en todas partes en una especie de acuerdo tácito, pero
constante y uniforme, para no elevar los salarios por encima de su nivel
actual.
La violación
de dicho acuerdo es, en todas partes, impopular, y somete a quien así procede
al reproche de sus vecinos e iguales.
De hecho, oímos
poco de estas uniones porque es lo normal, incluso se puede decir que es el
estado natural de cosas de las que nunca se oye hablar.
Los patronos
constituyen, a veces, incluso uniones específicas para reducir los salarios por
debajo de aquel nivel.
Estos
acuerdos se llevan a cabo siempre con el más absoluto silencio y secreto hasta
que se ejecutan, y nunca se hacen públicos cuando los trabajadores se someten,
como a veces ocurre, sin resistencia.
No obstante,
estas uniones se encuentran a menudo frente a uniones defensivas de los
trabajadores, quienes en ocasiones, sin existir siquiera una provocación de
este tipo, se unen para elevar los salarios.
Las
razones que esgrimen estriban a veces en el alto precio de los bienes de
subsistencia y, a veces, en los grandes beneficios que los patronos sacan de su
trabajo.
Ahora bien,
sean sus uniones defensivas u ofensivas, se suele hablar mucho de ellas.
Para
precipitar una solución recurren siempre a grandes alborotos y a veces a la
violencia y a los atropellos más sorprendentes.
Están
desesperados y proceden con el frenesí propio del hombre en ese estado, cuya
alternativa es morirse de hambre o forzar a sus patronos a que, por miedo,
cumplan sus exigencias.
En
estas ocasiones los patronos reclaman tanto como ellos, y exigen la ayuda de
los magistrados civiles, y el cumplimiento riguroso de las leyes establecidas
con tanta severidad contra la asociación de sirvientes, trabajadores y
jornaleros.
vvvvvvvvv
Mariano T
Nunca escuché que los salrios se fijaran en dólarees, ni que
lo tuvieran como punto de referencia. De hecho si hubieran fijado los salarios
en dólares hace 4 años, ahora estarían ganando lo mismo.
Rattazzi advirtió que "los sueldos en la Argentina no
son competitivos"
"Si usted paga el doble del salario de Brasil y México,
usted tiene un problema", advirtió el presidente de Fiat, quien también
pidió que "la exportación sea premiada" por el gobierno.
Estimado Mariano, la cuestión es a quien le creo; ¿a vos o al
Capo de la FIAT?
Un abrazo
