rib dijo...
"Es lo que se llama la necesidad;
pues la necesidad, el destino, etc. es precisamente aquello de lo que no sabe
decirse qué hace, cuáles son sus leyes determinadas y su contenido positivo,
porque es el puro concepto absoluto mismo intuido como ser, la relación simple
y vacía, pero incontenible e indestructible, cuya obra es solamente la nada de
la singularidad."
G. W. F. HEGEL: Fenomenología del espíritu. La realización de la autoconciencia racional por sí misma. El placer y la necesidad. La necesidad.
Por suerte algunos no viven en la necesidad sino que tienen 20 verdades peronistas.
Acaso si refritanla
Constitución del 49 se vuelvan legalistas.
Sin derecho a la huelga ... claro.
G. W. F. HEGEL: Fenomenología del espíritu. La realización de la autoconciencia racional por sí misma. El placer y la necesidad. La necesidad.
Por suerte algunos no viven en la necesidad sino que tienen 20 verdades peronistas.
Acaso si refritan
Sin derecho a la huelga ... claro.
JUEVES
26 DE ABRIL DE 2012
El “Honestismo” sin conchero y la Gestión de la Crisis
Permanente.
El estimado Critico Rib, que es mucho mas inteligente y
versado, que las chicanas de delegado estudiantil del 3º año del Nacional
Buenos Aires; de mas arriba.
Me obliga a tirarle por la cabeza la Biblioteca de lo que, o
no leyó, o lo hizo mientras trataba de levantarse una compañera de curso.
Actividad a la que yo también me dedicaba, ardorosamente, en
mi adolescencia militante; a fines de los 60 y comienzos de los 70, antes del
engorde de esa década.
El peronismo de la Resistencia Vieja
Los grandes eventos, cuando un Maestro itinerante venia a
bajar línea; se solían utilizar los salones de los Sindicatos locales o en su
defecto, durante los habituales Estados de sitio, las instalaciones de la Sociedad de Fomento.
Leer a Adam Smith y Toynbee, para comprender a Marx y
Engels; a Parvus y Burtsev, para Lenin y Trotsky; Lasalle, Colmar von der Goltz,
Labriola y Sorel, para Gramsci, Malaparte,
Bergson, Bernstein, Croce, Mao, el Tío Ho, Gentile, Malcolm X y Black Panthers,
etc.
Casi un exceso de bibliografía; porque el acento no estaba
en la erudición, como valor en si mismo; o en la acumulación de data, como justificación
intelectual ante el fracaso de las Predicciones.
Sino como una caja de herramientas, a las cuales recurrir,
para comprender la Praxis
y sus Consecuencias.
Permitiéndose hasta bromear con los eslóganes fetiches: “¡El
objetivo final no es nada, el movimiento lo es todo!”; estimado
Rib. ;-P
Resumiendo, porque los bodoques de más abajo no los va a
leer nadie; son como una picada de 42 platos en los tiempos de las Dietas
Moleculares y el Shushi.
Si a 60 años de su emergencia, y su capacidad de sobrevivir
no solo a la III ª
Internacional, sino al Neo Liberalismo-Neo Consevadurismo; los No Peronistas
siguen sin comprender al peronismo; ya dejo de ser un problema de los
peronistas.
Con ser lo que somos, y sobrevivir al “Por Venir”, tenemos
demasiadas tareas para andar perdiendo el tiempo.
Mucha suerte y feliz 1º de Mayo.
An inquiry into
the nature and causes of the wealth of nations.
Adam Smith - 1864 - 429 páginas; hacer clic aquí.
An inquiry into the nature and causes of the wealth of nations: ...
Adam Smith, Germain Garnier (comte) - 1852 - 429 páginas, hacer clic aquí.
CHAP. VIIL
OF THE WAGES OF LABOUR.
The produce of labour constitutes the
natural rccompence or wages of labour.
In that original state of things which precedes both the
appropriation of land and the accumulation of stock, the whole produce of
labour belongs to the labourer. He has neither landlord nor master to share
with him.
Had this state continued, the wages of labour would have augmented
with all thoseimprovements in its productive powers,
to which the division of labour gives occasion. All things would gradually have
become cheaper. They would have been produced by a smaller quantity of labour ; and as the commodities
produced by equal quantities of labour would naturally in this state of things
be exchanged for one another, they would have
| the landlord demands a share of almost all the produce which the
labourer can either rai^e or collect from it. His rent makes the first
deduction from the produce of the labour which is employed upon land.
It seldom happens that the person who filb the ground has wherewithal to maintain himself till he
reaps the harvest. His maintenance is generally advanced to him from the stock
of a master, the farmer who employi him, and who would have no interest to
employ him, unless he was to share in the produce of his labour, or unless his
stock was to be replaced to him with a profit. This profit makes a second
deduction from the produce of the labour which is employed upon land.
The produce of almost all other labour is liahh- to the like
deduction of profit. In all arts and manufactures, the greater part of the workmen stand in need of a master, to advance them the materials of their
work, and their wages and maintenance, till it be completexi. He shares in the
produce of their la
buen purchased likewise with the produce of jlour, or in the value
which it adds to the ma
a smaller quantity.
But though all things would have become Cheaper in
reality, in appearance many things might have become dearer, than before, or
have beenexchanged for a greater quantity of
other goods. Let us suppose, for example, that m the greater part of
employments the productive powers of labour had been improved to tenfold, or that a day's labour cuuld produce ten
times the quantity of work which it had done originally ; but that in a particular employment they
had been improved only to double, or that a day's labour could produce only
twice the quantity of work which it had done before. In exchanging the produce
of a day's labour in the greater part of tmployments for that of a day's labour
in this particular one, ten times the original quantity of work in them would
purchase only twice the original quantity in it. Any particular quantity in it,
therefore, a pound weight, for example, would appear to be five times dearer
than before. In reality, however, it would be twice as cheap.Though it required five times the quantity of other goods to purchase it,
it would require only half the quantity of labour either to purchase or to
produce it. The acquisition, therefore, would be twice as easy as before.
But this original state of things, in which
terials upon which it is bestowed ; and in this share consists Ыз profit.
It sometimes happens, indeed, that a single independent workman has stock sufficient both to purchase the
materials of his work, and to maintain himself till it be completed. He is both
master and workman, and enjoys the whole produce of his own labour, or the
whole value which it adds to the materials upon which it is bestowed. It includes what are usually two distinct
revenues, belonging to two distinct persons, the profits of stock, and the
wages of labour.
Such cases, however, are not very frequent ; and in every part of
Europe twenty workmenserve
under a master for one that is independent , and the wages of labour are everywhereunderstood to be, what they usually
are, when the labourer is one person, and the owner of the stock which employs
him another.
What are the common wages of labour, depends everywhere upon the contract usually made between those two parties, whose interests are by no means the same. The workmen desire to get as much, the masters to give as little, as possible. The former are disposed tocombine in order to raise, the latter in order to lower, the wages of
labour.
It is not, however, difficult to foresee which of the two parties
must, upon all ordinary oc
the labourer enjoyed the whole produce of bis casions, have the
advantage in the dispute, own labour, could not last beyond the first in- and
force the other into a compliance with traduction of the appropriation of land
and their terms. The masters, being fewer in num. the accumulation of stock. It was at an end, I
ber, can combine much more easily : and the therefore, long before the most
considerable law, besides, authorises, or at least does not
improvements were made in the productive powers of labour ; and it
would be to no purpose to trace further what might have been its effects uponthe rccompence or wages of labour.
As soon as land becomes private property,.
prohibit, their combinations, while if prohibits those of the workmen. We have no acts of parliament against combming to lower the
price of work, butmany against combining to raise it. In all such disputes, the
masters can hold out much longer. A landlord, я farmer, a master manufacturer,
or merchant, though they did not employ a single workman, could generally live
a year or two upon the stocks, which they have already acquired. Many workmen
could not subsist a week, few could subsist a month, and scarce any a year,
without employment. In the long run, the workman may be as necessary to his
master as his master is to him ; but the necessity is not to immediate.
We rarely hear, it has been said, of the
combinations of masters, though frequently of those of workmen. But whoever
imagines, upon thisaccount, that masters rarely combine, is as ignorant of the
world as of the subject. Masters are always and everywhere in a sort of tacit,
but constantand uniform, combination, not to raise the wages of labour above
their actual rate. To violate this combination is everywhere a most unpopular
action, and a sort of reproach to a master among his neighbours and equals. We
seldom, indeed, hear of this combination, because it is the usual, and, one may
say, the natural state of things, which nobody ever hears of. Masters, too,
sometimes enter into particular combinations to sink the wages of labour even
below this rate. These are always conducted with the utmost silence and secrecy
till the moment of execution ; and when theworkmen yield, as they sometimes do
without resistance, though severely felt by them, they are never heard of by
other people. Such combinations, however, are frequently resisted by a contrary
defensive combination of the workmen, who sometimes, too, without any
provocation of this kind,combine, of their own accord, to raise the price of
their labour. Their usual pretences are, sometimes the high price of
provisions, sometimes the great profit which their masters make by their work.
But whether their combinations be offensive or defensive, they are always
abundantly heard of. In order to bring the point to a speedy decision, they
have always recourse to the loudest clamour, and sometimes to the most shocking
violence and outrage. They are desperate, and act with the folly and
extravagance of desperate men, who must either starve, or frighten their
masters into an immediate compliance with their demands. The masters, upon
these occasions, are just as clamorous upon the other side, and never cease to
call aloud for the assistance of the civil magistrate, and the rigorous
execution of those laws which have been enacted with so much severity against
thecombination of servants, labourers, and journeymen. The workmen,
accordingly, very seldom derive any advantage from the violence of those
tumultirbus combinations, which, partly from the interposition of the civil
magistrate, partly from the superior steadiness of the masters, partly from the
necessity which the greater part of the workmen are under of submitting for the
sake of present
subsistence, generally end in nothing but the punishment or
ruin of the ringleaders.
But though, in disputes with their workmen, masters must generally have the advantage, there is, however, a certain
rate, below which it seems impossible to reduce, for any considerable time, the
ordinary wages even of the lowest species of labour.
A man must always live by his work, and his wages must at least be sufficient to
main tain him. They must even upon most occa~ sions be somewhat more, otherwise it would be
impossible for him to bring up a family,, and the race of such workmen could not last beyond the first generation. Mr Cantillon seems, upon this account, to suppose that the lowest species of common labourers must everywhere earn at least double their own maintenance, in order that, one
with another, they may be enabled to bring up two children ; the labour of the
wife, on account of her necessary attendance on the children, be. ing supposed no
more than sufficient to provide for herself. But one half the children born, it is
computed, die before the age of manhood. The poorest labourers, therefore,
according to this account, must, one with another, attempt to rear at least four children, in
order that two may have an equal chance of living to that age. But the necessary maintenance of four
children, it is supposed, may be nearly equal to that of one man. The labour of an
able-bodied slave, the same author adds, is computed to be worth double his
maintenance ; and that of the meanest labourer, he thinks, cannot be worth less
than that of an able-bodied slave. Thus far at least seems certain, that, in
order to bring up a family, the labour of the husband and wife together must,
even in the lowest species of common labour, be able to earn something more
than what is precisely necessary for their own maintenance ; but in what proportion, whether in that
above-mentioned, or in any other, I shall not takeupon me to determine.
There are certain circumstances, however, which sometimes give the
labourers an advantage, and enable them to raise their wages considerably above
this rate, evidently the lowest which is consistent with common humanity.
When in any country the demand for those who live by wages, labourers, journeymen, servants of every L 'ml,
is continually increas ing ; when every year furnishes employment for a greater
number than had been employed the year before, the workmen have no occasion to combine in order to raise their wages. The scarcity of hands occasions a
competition among masters, who bid against one another in order to get workmen, and thus voluntarily break through the natural combination of masters not
to raise wages.
The demand for those who live by wage', it is evident, cannot mcrease but in propoitinn to the increase of the funds which are destined to
the payment of wages. These funds are of two kinds, first, the revenue which is
over and above what is necessary for the maintenance ; and, secondly, the stock
which is over and above what is necessary for the employment of their masters.
When the landlord, annuitant, or monied
man, has a greater revenue than what he judges sufficient to maintain his
own family, he employs either Ihr whole or a part of the surplus in maintaining
one or more menial servants. Increase this surplus, and he will naturally
increase the number ofthose servants.
When an independent workman, such as a weaver or shoemaker, has got more stock than what is sufficient
to purchase the materials of his own work, and to maintain himself till he can
dispose- of it, he naturally employs one or more journeymen with the surplus,
in order to make a profit by their work. Increase this surplus, and he will
naturally increase the number of his journeymen.
The demand for those who live by wages, therefore, necessarily increases with the
increase of the revenue and stock of every country, and cannot possibly
increase without it. The increase of revenue and stock is the increase of
national wealth. The demand for thosewho live by wages, therefore, naturally increases with the
increase of national wealth, and cannot possibly increase without it,
It is not the actual greatness of national wealth, but its continual increase, which occasions
a rise in the wages of labour. It is not, accordingly, in the richest
countries, but in the most thriving, or in those which are growing rich the fastest, that the wages of labour are
highest. England is certainly, in the present times, a much richer country than
any part of North America. The wages of labour, however, are much higher in
North America than in any part of England. In the province of New York, common
labourers earn * three shillings and sixpence currency] equal to two shillings
sterling, a-day ; shipcarpenters, ten shillings and sixpence currency, with a
pint of rum, worth sixpence sterling, equal in all to six shillings and
sixpence sterling ; house-carpenters and bricklayers, eight shillings currency,
equal to four shillings and sixpence sterüng ; journeymen tailors, five
shillings currency, equal to about two shillings and tenpence sterling. These
prices are all above the London price ; and wages are said to be as high in the other colonies as in New York. The price of
provisions is everywhere in North America much lower than in
England. A dearth hasneverbeen known there. In the worst seasons they have always had a sufficiency for them
i This was written in 1774, 'wfore the commencement ni the late rii?turbanres.
But though North America is not yet so rich as
England, it is much more thriving, and advancing with much greater rapidity to
the further acquisition of riches. The most decisive mark of the prosperity of
any country is the increase of the number of its inhabitants. In Great Britain,
and most oiher European countries, they are not supposed to double in less than
five hundred years. In the British colonies in North America, it has been found that they double in twenty or five-and-twenty years. Nor in
the present times is this increase principally owing to the continual
importation of new inhabitants, but to the great multiplication of the
species. Those who live to old age, it is said, frequently see there from fifty to a Immlred, and' sometimes many more,
descendente from their own body. Labour is there so well rewarded, that a
numerous family of children, instead of being a burden, is a source of opulence
and prosperity to the parents. The labour of each child, before it can leave
their house, is computed to be worth a hundred pounds clear gain to them. A
young widow with four or five young children, who, among the middling or
inferior ranks of people in Europe, would have so little chance for a second
husband, is there frequently courted as asort of fortune. The value of children is the greatest of all
encouragements to marriage. Wecannot, therefore, wonder that the people in North America
should generally marry very young. Notwithstanding the great increase
occasioned by such early marriages, there is a continual complaint of the
scarcity of hands in North America. The demand for labourers, the funds
destined for maintaining them increase, it seems, still faster than they can
find labourers to employ.
Though the wealth of a country should be very
great, yet if it has been long stationary, wemust not expect to find the wages of labour very high in
it. The funds destined for the payment of wages, the revenue and stock of its
inhabitants, may be of the greatest extent ;but if they have continued for several
centuries of the same, or very nearly of the same extent, the number of
labourers employed every year could easily supply, and even more than supply,
the number wanted the following year. There could seldom be any scarcity of
hands, nor could the masters be obliged to bid against one another in order to get them. The
hands, on the contrary, would, in this case, naturally multiply beyond their
employment. There would be a constant scarcity of employment, and the laboure«
SÁBADO 14 DE NOVIEMBRE DE 2009
Sindicatos, segun Adam Smith, releyendo los clásicos.
“El cisma en el cuerpo social se manifiesta en el fraccionamiento de la
civilización en tres: una minoría dominante, un proletariado interno y un
proletariado externo.
Las minorías dominantes son aquellas que, perdida
su creatividad, controlan la sociedad no por la fascinación del poder creador
sino por medios estrictamente militares y policiales; sus productos típicos son
los estados universales y las filosofías.
El proletariado interno es la masa de esclavos
y desarraigados que no pueden sacudirse la minoría dominante de encima; en el
camino inventan las religiones superiores.
El proletariado externo es el conjunto de hordas bárbaras que se apiñan
alrededor de la civilización, para rematarlas; este proceso las lleva a crear
las edades heroicas y la épica”.
………
Primero la Minoría Dominante
intenta mantener por la fuerza -en contra de cualquier derecho y razonamiento-
una posición de privilegio heredado que ha dejado de merecer; y entonces el
Proletariado corresponde a la injusticia con resentimiento, al miedo con odio,
y a la violencia con violencia cuando ejecuta sus actos de secesión.
F) LA PEQUEÑA BURGUESiA
Y LA CLASE OBRERA
Imaginémonos ahora que el Gobierno,
inclinándose a proteger y dar plena satisfacción a los privilegios de la
nobleza, de los banqueros, de los grandes industriales y de los grandes
capitalistas, decidiera privar de sus libertades políticas a la pequeña
burguesía y a la clase obrera. ¿Podría hacerlo? Desgraciadamente, señores, sí
podría, aunque sólo fuese transitoriamente; la realidad nos tiene demostrado
que podría, y más adelante tendremos ocasión de volver sobre esto.
Pero, ¿y si se tratara de despojar a la pequeña
burguesía y a la clase obrera, no ya de sus libertades políticas solamente,
sino de su libertad personal; es decir, si se tendiera a declarar personalmente
al obrero o al hombre humilde, esclavo, vasallo o siervo de la gleba, de
volverle a la situación en que vivió en muchos países durante los siglos
lejanos, remotos, de la
Edad Media ? ¿Prosperaría la pretensión? No, señores, esta vez
no prosperaría, aunque para sacarla adelante se aliasen el rey, la nobleza y
toda la gran burguesía. Sería inútil. Pues, llegadas las cosas a ese extremo,
ustedes dirían: nos dejaremos matar antes que tolerarlo. Los obreros se
echarían corriendo a la calle, sin necesidad de que sus patronos les cerrasen
las fábricas, la pequeña burguesía correría en masa a solidarizarse con ellos,
y la resistencia de ese bloque sería invencible, pues en ciertos casos extremos
y desesperados, también ustedes, señores, todos ustedes juntos, son un
fragmento de Constitución.
……………
l.- Poder organizado e inorgánico
El instrumento de poder político del rey, el
Ejército, está organizado, puede reunirse a cualquier hora del día o de la
noche, funciona con una magnífica disciplina y se puede utilizar en el momento
en que se desee; en cambio, el poder que descansa en la nación, señores, aunque
sea, como lo es en realidad, infinitamente mayor, no está organizado: la
voluntad de la nación, y sobre todo su grado de acometividad o de abatimiento,
no siempre son fáciles de pulsar para quienes la forman: ante la inminencia de
una acción, ninguno de los combatientes sabe cuántos se sumarán a él para
darla. Además, la nación carece de esos instrumentos del poder organizado, de
esos fundamentos tan importantes de una Constitución, a que más arriba nos
referíamos: los cañones. Cierto es que los cañones se compran con dinero del
pueblo: cierto también que se construyen y perfeccionan gracias a las ciencias
que se desarrollan en el seno de la sociedad civil, gracias a la física, a la
técnica, etc. Ya el solo hecho de su existencia prueba, pues, cuán grande es el
poder de la sociedad civil, hasta dónde han llegado los progresos de las
ciencias, de las artes técnicas, los métodos de fabricación y el trabajo
humano. Pero aquí viene a cuento aquel verso de Virgilio: Sic vos non vobis!
¡Tú, pueblo, los haces y los pagas, pero no para ti! Como los cañones se
fabrican siempre para el poder organizado y sólo para él, la nación sabe que
esos artefactos, vivos testigos de todo lo que ella puede, se enfilarán sobre
ella, indefectiblemente, en cuanto se quiera rebelar. Estas razones son las que
explican que un poder mucho menos fuerte, pero organizado, se sostenga a veces,
muchas veces, años y años, sofocando el poder, mucho más fuerte, pero
desorganizado, de la nación; hasta que ésta un día, a fuerza de ver cómo los
asuntos nacionales se rigen y administran tercamente contra la voluntad y los
intereses del país, se decide a alzar frente al poder organizado su supremacía
desorganizada.
Hemos visto, señores, qué relación guardan
entre sí las dos Constituciones de un país, esa Constitución real y efectiva,
formada por la suma de factores reales y efectivos que rigen en la sociedad, y
esa otra Constitución escrita, a la que, para distinguirla de la primera,
daremos el nombre de la hoja de papel
Señor moderador, hermano Lomax, hermanos y hermanas, amigos y enemigos,
porque sencillamente no puedo creer que aquí todos sean amigos y no quiero
dejar a nadie fuera.
Esta noche el tema, a mi entender es: “La revuelta negra” y “¿qué rumbo
tomamos de aquí en adelante?” o “¿Y ahora qué?”
Esta noche la cuestión es, a mi entender, "La revuelta negra"
y ¿qué rumbo seguimos de aquí en adelante? o ¿Y ahora qué?
A mi humilde manera de entenderlo las
alternativas son: el voto o la bala.
…………..
Igual que Adam Claytom Powell es un pastor cristiano; y que el
doctor Martin Luther King es un pastor cristiano en Atlanta, Georgia; bueno, pues yo también soy
pastor, no pastor cristiano, sino pastor musulmán, y creo
en la acción de todos los frentes y por todos los medios que sean necesarios.
El Ballot or the Bullet 03 de abril 1964
